Tools for training basic walking in Classical Tai Chi

I must tell you of  additional training tools I discovered while working with my students on basic walking:

 The knee flexes and their body goes up and down with some students during walking practice. Now if they were to face the mirror when they walk, they could see their head rise and fall.  They could put a piece of tape on the mirror at top of their head, then see if their head is going over it. My student Tom K.  tells me he has a piece of string stretched out at the level of his shoulder in his "clean" attic in order to feel bobbing up and down. 

In working with this for some time with my students, I discover some additional ways to train. For one, if one just touches onto a wall VERY LIGHTLY you may be able to feel the hand move up and down if the knees are flexing. We use the wall in my studio to do this and walk the entire floor lightly touching the wall. With a light enough touch, the hand provides an extra tactile sense to feel the movement of knee up and down.

Then I thought, well this is also having ancillary effect of training the hand to sense movement. Training the tactile sense of the hand in this way provides good training for "ting jin". Ting Jin as my teacher Master Stephen Hwa has said,  provides you with the sensory capability in your hands to "listen" to the opponents power "surge and ebb" of movement. It has to be a very light touch however, if you bob up and down, you can feel the hand slide up and down the wall. Also, it trains the elbow not to flex, you need to hold the arm still and not do an extraneous movement where the forearm "telescopes" with the upper arm.  I train myself this way with the wall at home and feeling the sensations in tips of fingers or even touching wall with back of hand or even arm, or one could even touch wall lightly with side of body.  Very enjoyable developing this sense, very enjoyable.

Saving Face and the Scientific Method in Classical Tai Chi

"Tao of Martial Applications" DISCUSSION:

Mark Thomasson DDS recently sent a very insightful article on the concept of "Face" to me.  Mark is a student of Master Stephen Hwa and has studied Classical Tai Chi for several years now.  In his article Mark writes: "I think this consumer driven "show me", "how many lessons will it take?" is consistent with popular consumer culture.  This attitude of proof before pay weakens the classical teacher/student relationship...it changes it...creating distance and a barrier of skepticism to receiving instruction" He quotes Herbert Spencer: "There is a principle which is a bar against all information, which is proof against all arguments and which cannot fail to keep a man in everlasting ignorance - that principle is contempt prior to investigation."

I find Mark's article to be spot on in light of the power that material culture holds over us all.  In my opinion, "consumer driven" or "material culture" weakens teacher/student relationships  by creating a barrier of skepticism  because by its very nature it  allows very little in the way of expression.  You see, the relationship between teacher and student in Tai Chi is a two way street ,  it has to increase the scope of expression for coherent learning but it also has to allow both parties to show mutual respect or "save face" ( mianzi )in the process.

I have found some students who went far beyond mere skepticism even when they received free lessons.  Their attitudes were nothing less than arrogant, completely insulting and their whole aim seemed to be a humiliation of the teacher.  On the other hand I have experienced teachers myself, who felt that even the most politely worded questions were humiliating.  This I'm pretty sure has quite a basis in the concept of "saving face". What a paradoxical situation where Tai Chi is so fluid, seemingly "laid back" and yet we find both teachers and students being as unyielding as steel.

Students may haphazardly come to rudimentary understanding over years in spite of this.  However,   I do not think they will come to understand the greatest principle of "internal discipline"  I  say internal discipline is the greatest principle  because Tai Chi is based on an internal physical discipline. This physical internal discipline is so little known and misunderstood that most Tai Chi nowdays exists because it is based on having a certain internal mental demeanor.  Fortunately, there are teachers whose whole purpose is to teach Classical Tai Chi as an art based on solid footing of principles.  More fortunate is the teaching of Classical Tai Chi with  the primary principle of Internal Discipline being in the forefront.  This is an emphasis on internal discipline with scientific understanding, rather than keeping a student strung along on a diet of "technique and application" using external movement.

Classical Tai Chi is fortunate to have Master Stephen Hwa as an enlightened teacher who holds no "bars against information".   His students have learned as well not to hold "contempt prior to investigation".  As a student of his, I feel quite fortunate to have a teacher that bases his teaching on a comprehensive scientific approach to learning. The learning of internal discipline gives the student ample opportunity to follow the scientific method. Students are encouraged to research things themselves, make observations, test/experiment and analyze their results.  In the case of Internal Discipline students have "feedback" and tactile sensations of the body to confirm their study.  Above all, students are encouraged to ask questions but also learn enough scientific discipline to ask questions based on their prior research and study.

 It is quite obvious in the attached video that there are no barriers of skepticism.  Yet, there is an obvious level of respect between Master Hwa and his students. Students in this discussion are being encouraged to ask questions but also guided by Master Hwa in how to do so intelligently and succinctly. In addition, we have ample representation here of  allowing all parties to "save face" in an atmosphere of mutual learning.  It would appear that traditional concerns over respecting one's teacher are not violated in an atmosphere where scientific discipline is maintained.  Based on our experience and research however, it will be predicated on having a teacher that is well versed in both Classical Tai Chi and the Scientific Method. 

Classical Tai Chi uses internal discipline for walking and kicking

Please take a moment and view this Youtube video which was shot at a seminar that Master Hwa did for World Tai Chi Day in Rochester, NY:  Internal Discipline in Walking and Kicking

Question: “I truly don't understand this. How can this lead to a quick kicking thrust that can be executed reflexively?”

I studied other styles as well as Wu’s Style for a long time before beginning Classical Tai Chi.  Certainly in this as well as other styles the “ mind-body relation starts from intense struggle and engagement in the beginner’s stage” as my teacher says.  Then the learning “proceeds to total disengagement”.  The mind can enjoy things in the practice almost as if the practice is being done by someone else, not a “cruise control” but more like independent observation.  For martial purposes a kick can be done quickly and reflexively because the movement has become subconscious. 

As to the mechanics of the movement and how it is done:

The psoas will become engaged, as will the gluteal and femoral muscles but the origin of the movement should come from the transversus abdominis and rectus.. the long abdominal muscles...at first you must exaggerate the contraction of the lateral and oblique muscles of the abdomen and squeeze the gluteals,relax the leg and the foot... A low kick is a quick sudden, unexpected (for its martial art application) thrust from the abdomen and back through the pelvis and the leg. That means that from the side the leg is kicking, the pelvis thrusts downward from the tilt which transmits power through the leg.

Question: “I have never been told to do that, and matter of fact, the instruction for the small frame is in direct opposition to what you're advocating, a release of the abdominals, using breath so as to allow the load bearing to penetrate through the musculature and rest inside the qua.”

First of all, this is not weightlifting, and so the breath should be natural. You have to take into account the framework from which you say you are executing your kick as.  You say “small frame”, when in actuality there is considerable difference in the size between Wu Style Small Frame and Classical Tai Chi Compact frame.  I did the Wu Style Small frame for many years and to do what you say (which is true for that frame)I was taught to primarily use the contracted muscles of the leg to lift and walk or kick.  In other words, the leg had to move like a “telescope” with the individual segments, calf/thigh, etc. contracting and extending or even swinging from the hip as Master Hwa shows.  Not much different from everyday walking and kicking is using the same muscles.

With the individual segments of the leg contracting and expanding, the energy does not flow uninterrupted.  In fact the flow of energy is interrupted at the joints themselves.  What Master Hwa shows is the leg completely relaxed, no bending at the joints and when the power is delivered from the abdominal and back, it goes straight through…no interruption.  Of course, and unlike the small frame you speak of, the kicks in Classical Tai Chi go no higher than the opponents knee.  If you want it to go higher then you pull the opponent down toward the rising foot using “yank” (Tsai).  This goes to the heart of the old Tai Chi saying: “Do not kick unless you can kick with 3 legs”.  This means,  your  one leg supports you while you are in contact with the opponent who is standing on his 2 legs.

Classical Tai Chi uses a "compact" and "tight compact" form

If one searches the Web they will undoubtedly find many styles of Tai Chi that state they are "small" or even "compact".  It becomes apparent that there is no universally accepted definition among all parties of what these frame sizes mean.  One styles "compact" looks like medium or even large to someone else.  One can even see well known masters doing forms or even push hands in what can only be called a Compact Form by anyone viewing it. There are many videos of older masters in the Wu Style that show them in a compact stance while doing push hands.  The same videos show them uprooting students to the point of the students falling down.  Seemingly, the master is using some hidden strength...an "internal" strength. To put this issue to a temporary rest, I will quote my teacher who states: "To attain that type of capacity requires many years of training beyond proficiency in forms training".

 Now is it not quite poor reasoning  and really just conjecture to think that any style  or even any individual does only one frame or size of Tai Chi?  The questions still arise however, then we may even see the same masters doing a larger frame form.  Thus raising  further questions:  Did this master, did that master,  learn compact form 1st, now they are showing us their large frame?  Did they learn large frame first and do they really know compact?  Can we assume from these photos or videos that Classical Tai Chi is not the only Tai Chi that does Compact Form?  Putting aside the definiton of compact for a minute, let us examine what it means to be "compact" in Classical Tai Chi.

I quote largely from "Uncovering the Treasure" by Master Stephen Hwa:  "Wu chien Chuan did not start Young (Young Wabu) on Large Frame probably because Young was an accomplished external martial artist with a well developed external structure and lower body foundation already".

• Such difference in appearance also signifies how the Tai Chi movement is done
• Large steps/low stance requires use of leg muscles to push the body in all dimensions
• Compact form primarily uses core muscles to pull the body forward and upward
• Internal discipline, internal movements cannot be taught to students in large frame
• Large frame uses large swings of arms at shoulder, outstretch (telescoping) arms

Is it not now clear what defines compact form in Classical Tai Chi is the use of "internal discipline" or "internal energy" as explained once again in the Classical Tai Chi "turning move" videos attached here?  Please see "turning move" video 1 and 2 on that page.  What is not conducive to "internal discipline" or "internal energy" is also explained.

Now I have a couple of questions in light of our clearly defined manner in how a compact form can be performed:  Why do these famous masters demonstrate compact form on places like Youtube?  Specifically,  If a compact form can only really be performed correctly by using "internal discipline" and core muscles, shouldn't this be announced and taught to the world unequivocally and ubiquitously by all the famous masters?  How does not announcing this knowledge and making it obvious, contribute to promulgating  and most of all saving the art of Tai Chi?

What is a Yin-Yang Junction and why so important for Tai Chi?

I read many emails in various Tai Chi Forums on a regular basis.  I am quite shocked to see that there are many Tai Chi afficionados who not only do not know what internal discipline is but they do not know what a Yin-Yang junction is.  My teacher Stephen Hwa states what it is in his book "Uncovering the Treasure":  "The most important instruction on Internal Discipline passed down from Wu Chien Chuan to my teacher Young Wabu is that":  "Every movement in Tai Chi Form has to have two complementary parts of the body, a moving part (called Yang) and a stationary part (called Yin).  When the yin-yang junction is located in the torso of the body, it is an internal move.  When it is outside the torso, it is an external move".

I include Youtube links to  2 videos below that were excerpted from a  seminar at Rochester World Tai Chi Day.  In the videos, Master Hwa explains it all by demonstrating and then teaching a group of students.  He uses what is called a "Turning" move with internal discipline to demonstrate.

What is a Yin-Yang Junction?

How to find Yin-Yang Junction, how to do turning, what is internal energy?

Normally, one would expect that it would only be people not trained in Classical Tai Chi who would turn at the hip and carry the torso with it, while the legs have a twisting motion.  However, he recognizes several people who participated in a last years seminar in which he demonstrated this very thing. In fact, I was filming the seminar and I recognized them as well.  In one case, the practitioner is turning his hips so much the legs are not only twisting...they are dancing, with the feet moving all over the place.  You can see this almost immediately, it is so obvious.

You also do not want to move the arms and shoulders as you do this and it can be checked by standing in front of a mirror.  Also, there is a tactile feedback sensation from abdomen and back...but there should be no sensation of feedback from shoulder and arm.  You can read more about this on page 4 and 5 of "Uncovering the Treasure" available at Amazon.

Master Seminar July 2011

It is my pleasure to make an early announcement  that a plan to have a seminar  on Classical Tai Chi by Master Stephen Hwa is being formed. At this point, Master Hwa is in agreement with me that it will take place on the weekend of July 9 and 10, 2011. It will be in Buffalo, NY.

*Please contact me directly as we need to make sure of logistics and numbers.  At this time, you may contact me at My Email Address.  Be sure to put "Seminar" in the subject line.

You may also email me with any questions on location, lodging, and further announcements will only be made through email if you are not a current student. 

Master Hwa has never charged for any seminar, one can only hope to aspire to such generosity.

It looks like a "go" for a big location with lots of space. 

That gives good parking, air conditioning, electronics for video taping the seminar, lighting and WiFi for a possible skype session worldwide.

*If you are not currently a student of Master Hwa,you will need to purchase the DVD series  at Classical Tai Chi Website .  Then you will need to contact us for the details of location, times for the seminar, etc. 

It is a one time purchase which entitles you to as much help as you can tolerate for the rest of your life;>). 

 

*When you email us,  please provide info. of  your current status as a student if you are interested in attending. If you are not currently a student, please  provide proof of DVD purchase in the email.

What is Neigong 内功 or "Physical Internal Discipline"

Not the best in translation from Simplified Chinese to Pinyin to English, (but at least refers to the physical) yields:
内功 [nèi ɡōnɡ] Pinyin
"exercises to benefit the internal organs, internal energy or power, internal capabilities"

I am never happier as a teacher than when I hear people both within and outside the Tai Chi community ask what "Internal Discipline" is. Although it is still perplexing that Tai Chi afficionados do not know what it is. After all Tai Chi has been known for a long time as an "Internal" martial art. A typical question from even long time Tai Chi practitioners is "what is internal discipline". 

Perhaps a literal definition would be appropriate to start things off. I do not like what Merriam-Webster had to say. I find that the "Free Dictionary" has this among several other definitions which I do like and find appropriate to Tai Chi: Discipline is : "training or conditions imposed for the improvement of physical powers, self-control, etc".

Note the use of the word "physical" which is particularly encouraging because most definitions only dwell on "mental". This, sadly to say is also the proclivity of most Tai Chi practitioners that I have heard over the years. I hear over and over and in many formats that Tai Chi not only cultivates but depends on a particular "mental" state. For the most part this is roughly defined as being one of relaxation, serenity, placidity, free of tension, "be cool", etc. Most, then expand this further to (as my teacher says) "an unspoken belief that as long as one has the right mental state, almost any Tai Chi movement is a Tai Chi movement" p. ii, "Uncovering the Treasure". This, he seems to feel is the direct cause for "infinite varieties of Tai Chi that have sprouted everywhere". Having heard and seen what he is speaking about I must say the use of the word "sprouted" is certainly not lost on this writer.

In light of the phenomenon that I describe I find that in going a little further I not only have to define "internal discipline" to people but I have to show it/demonstrate it. For in the explanations, I have found no justice. I inevitably end up showing it to both beginners and afficionados as I try to explain what I am doing. What is even more surprising to me is that even though "internal discipline" translates to the word or term called "Neigong". Long time practitioners do not understand the physical. That term has been in the Tai Chi lexicon for quite some time yet even the online martial art encyclopedia definitions still lapse into such things as: "Neigong, also spelled Nei Kung, neigung, or nae gong, is any of a set of breathing and spiritual practice disciplines associated with Taoist religion and Chinese martial arts".

I have a feeling my teacher realized the difficulties associated with explaining what it is and instead opted to explain HOW IT DOES: (From the Classical Tai Chi website)"The central element of the practice dictates how a movement should be made from the internal core of the body—the abdomen and the back—not from the external parts of the body, such as arms and shoulders".

AND WHAT IT DOES: "Internal Discipline enables you to initiate movements from the internal core of the body (the abdomen and back) rather than from the external parts of the body (the limbs), and cultivates and mobilizes your internal energy for health benefits and martial arts applications".

Slow work produces fine goods

In his book "Uncovering the Treasure", Master Stephen Hwa states on page 105:

"It is amazing that Masters of the past could have such insight that slow and seemingly soft movements could be an ideal tool to train a person to deliver exceptional power."  Speaking of Classical Tai Chi and not Tai Chi that relies on external movement of the limbs which constitutes 99% of what is practiced today, he continues by saying: "What they discovered was that the slow movements with internal discipline trained a person in every little detail of fajin moves. After a person repeated the moves a thousand times, it becomes part of him and is available to use any moment he wishes at any power or speed".

 Some very rare video has appeared on the Internet of the legendary golf professional, Ben Hogan.  Video after video and with accompanying audio one hears him advocating and demonstrating slow motion golf swings and in this video at a certain point we even hear him mentioning the words "Tai Chi".  In his book "Slow Practice Will Get You There Faster", Ernest Dras, states that Ben Hogan practiced slow motion drills thousands of times in front of mirrors and advocated it to beginning golfers. It is said that Sugar Ray Leonard who had incredible speed, utilized slow motion training to maintain perfect form. I'm reasonably sure as well that a search will reveal many other top athletes who utilize slowness in their training drills.  The purpose being to make their movements perfect.

In his book "Long strokes in a Short Season", the swimming coach Art Aungst talks of his own studies in Tai Chi.  He states: "Tai Chi incorporates slow speed patterning of perfect movement through 360 degrees of body rotation, stressing balance and core body movement. My teacher demands that each basic movement be perfected before moving on to the next one.  My understanding of the thought behind it is that the neural pathways are "grooved" so that in a true performance situation, there is no conscious thought to interfere with the speed of perfect movement."  He even quotes from the Tai Chi Treatise:  "The outer  academies use clumsy external strength, so that the beginning and end are broken, the opponent thus has a chance to attack...from the beginning to end, Tai Chi is continuous, without interruptions, like an endless circle". This statement about "neural pathways are grooved" is also used  by Eric J. Horst in his book about mountain climbing called "Maximum Climbing".

The concept of "neural grooving" is to be found in book after book from the psychology of learning to many anatomical texts. I suppose if one had to use an analogy to describe what happens it might be one of a giant steel ball  resting on top of a sand dune.  Each time we give it a slight push it rolls down and creates a groove, moving ever slowly because of its size.  Then we keep repeating the process from the top of the dune,  gently starting it to roll, over and over and over again.  Because it has formed an initial groove, it will subsequently be easier to continue rolling it.  The key concept however, it to do it as Master Hwa has stated, Ben Hogan advocates and probably many athletic coaches  urge:  Do it thousands of times, do it slowly, do not stop practicing... for the least amounts of "grooving" will produce small and weak tracks,  doing it slowly and frequently will make big,  strong neural paths and give us a fine product.

"Great understanding is broad and unhurried..." Chuang Tzu

 "Great understanding is broad and unhurried; little understanding is cramped and busy." - Chuang Tzu


For most adults, the Internal Discipline in the learning of Classical Tai Chi does not come naturally.   However,  the natural question for beginners  is "what is there to expect/look forward to/reward during the actual practice of internal discipline...not some future time?"


This blog evolved out of a discussion over the previous Blog on "Sitback".  A student apparently realized that there would be no quick fix to learning Classical Tai Chi but also had a kind of insight: "To move a mountain one begins by carrying away small stones".  From a certain perspective, this appears to be true.  From another perspective,  most cannot carry one "stone" at a time without their concentration breaking and subsequently ruminating how many other 'stones" are left to carry. That seems to be the domain of the beginner and in some cases the "perpetual" beginner in Classical Tai Chi.


This discussion really does seem to fall into the hands of Chuang Tzu and I'm sure he would love getting his hands on it indeed.  It is all tied up with perspective, perception, insight, conscious attention, the subconscious, etc.  So, in regard to "rewards",  I can only relate from my own experiences as a beginner, or at least what I remember and what I seem to see in the beginners that I teach, however. 

• Experience/reward early on in Classical Tai Chi is a plurality rather than singular events
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• It requires concentration/patience yet one is rewarded with deeper concentration/patience
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• One has no insight in the beginning yet one's insight begins to appear, we see things more clearly
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• For example, I had no concentration when beginning, yet I clearly began to see how much my mind wandered
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• I clearly began to see that I wanted to practice more in order to stop my mind from wandering
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• I experienced moments of clarity and "stillness" (particularly in basic walking practice) with no breaks in concentration
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• Yet, a beginner's hold on these things is tenuous "little understanding...cramped and busy"
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• Yet, it is the beginner's job not to do things half-heartedly
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• Half a mind will find it very difficult to attain conscious control over a long-dormant nervous system in the core of the body
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• Yet, there are rewards even for beginners but their hold is very tenuous, very easy to throw up one's hands
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• Basic walking (really the square form) with its "pauses" gives the beginner direct experience of physical "stillness"

One's "understanding", hopefully, evolves into being "broad and unhurried", one becomes a proficient practitioner and no longer has to rely on the conscious mind to play the form.  The "looking forward to/what to expect" voice becomes quieter and quieter as well.  I quote my teacher, Hwa Laoshi from his website at Classical Tai Chi:

"It is the movement with the Internal Discipline that plays an important role in influencing the mental state of the practitioner. In order to perform the internal movements, the beginner must focus intensely inward trying to communicate with the long-neglected nervous system in the torso. When the student becomes a proficient practitioner, playing the form becomes subconscious without the need to think. The mind is clear, except for the enjoyable sensation of internal energy flowing and stretching at the yin and yang junction. It is important to learn the Tai Chi form rigorously, so this sensation can circulate continuously in the body without break."

You need to curb your impatience

I teach a lot of beginners, so many so one might say there is a revolving door. From my observations I would say that people are not as patient as they were when I first started, nowdays they want faster results. I have people pay me money and then never come back to finish their monthly lesson, this is a good example of impatience. In over 35 years of seeing the revolving door turn, not one person has ever said, "I'm quitting simply because you are a lousy teacher". On the other hand and as I have said before, I have learned from my teacher not to compromise on what is taught.

I follow one of the learning paths outlined by Master Hwa in the Classical Tai Chi Forums. Infrequently, I start with teaching the square form first. In one case, I started with the square form because a student could not curtail the extraneous movement of his hands. He studied a Kung Fu style and I could not even stop for moments and explain things. He would burst into movements from his "Katas" while I was trying to talk to him. That is impatience.

My first teacher at Taoist Tai Chi in 1976 was a Clinical Psychologist who frequently told me he was looking for another line of work because he had no patience anymore. In my opinion however, often his comments on beginners were pretty mean spirited. "I'm not going to teach that guy Jim, but you can", "Well you did a good job, at least now he's walking like a human being", etc. On the other hand, he was very knowledgeable about the Tai Chi and quite articulate in teaching it, he just had no patience for teaching.  When I first started with him he wore a T Shirt that said "Patience?", "Patience my ass, I want to kill something".  It was a graphic of 2 buzzards talking to one another in a tree while they gazed on some grazing animals.  Out of 7 students that started, I ended up being the only one left in his class. There was a lot of impatience then, but I think there is more today because I see the revolving door first hand.

How impatient? I once had a student that handed me $200 in cash and never came back a 2nd day. When I called her she said keep it, "I liked what you do, I just cannot do it". There are so few students at my studio, that the tuition money literally goes from my hands to the owners for monthly rent. One might say this a labor of love, yet I love the art dearly and get back much when I do get students that can stick it out through the initial learning phase. Teaching this, articulating it gives me an understanding that is incredibly rich and deep.

On the other hand,  like Wu Gongyi was reputed to have said to his students and in so many words: If you guys don't know how to do  walking in Tai Chi, how are you going to fight. Not that Classical Tai Chi leans the "fighting" way of the Wu's Style in general. It just points out that the learning proceeds from a very basic premise. If you do not establish that, there is nothing to build on...it takes patience. There are numerous benefits to be had even in the bare bones beginnings if one can curb impatience.

If you are joining Facebook for Classical Tai Chi...at least get the book beforehand

I get requests to join the Classical Tai Chi Facebook group and nowdays I ask this: Speaking as a teacher, does everyone here have Master Stephen Hwa's book "Uncovering the Treasure"? Still speaking as a teacher, the conversation here, sparse as it is, ok let's say my monologue makes little sense without a guidebook of the "territory" As Master Hwa said once to a student, "one needs a map of where and what the forest is, so that the individual trees do not obscure the view". A guidebook can also be useful to encourage people to speak up once in a while as well. I realize, some folks may feel a bit shy but there is never anything wrong with asking a question now and then.

Rick Matz said: Yes, I have the book and keep it handy in my computer bag along with copies of the DVDs so they are at hand. I review all of the material regulary and there is always something new in there for me to find.

John Calvert said:  I too travel with the book Rick. I fear I may need to purchase a fresh copy as my existing one is a little worse for wear now! I have backed up my DVDs (to protect them & keep them intact) by digitally copying them to my hard drive. By having them in digital format I can pause, 'rewind', jump, replay and slow down whatever lesson I'm studying without concern or worry about damaging my DVDs. I have also figured out how to get them onto my iPod which is handy since I travel a lot. Sometimes I just watch lessons when traveling in the hopes that the information is absorbed into my sub-conscious to enhance my training & practice later on. By the way I am not a technological geek - I was shown how to do all this by youngsters! :)