Video Title: Classical Wu Style Tai Chi Square and Round FormChannel: Classical Tai Chi (Official Channel)
The Architecture of the Core: Reflecting on the Internal Dynamics of Classical Wu Style Tai Chi
A Personal Preface: 24 Years of Lineage and Friendship
As a dedicated practitioner, you eventually reach a crossroad where choreography is no longer enough. You realize that simply moving your limbs in beautiful patterns leaves the true engine of the art completely untouched.
This exact realization is what makes the historical writings of mine as well as my family’s dear friends, E. Marie Koepsell, and Stephen Hwa so enduringly vital. It was for 20 years, right there in the Buffalo and Rochester, New York community, now 3 years later in Acton, California. I have had the profound honor of sharing a deep friendship with both Eva and her husband, Dr. Stephen Hwa. Having spent nearly a quarter-century absorbing the spirit of this lineage, as his first certified teacher, revisiting Eva’s classic essay, "Learning the Internal Dynamics of Tai Chi," always feels less like reading text and more like sitting down with family.
Eva wrote this piece to chronicle her transition away from abstract, external forms under the guidance of Dr. Hwa—a retired chemical engineer from Wuxi then Rochester Xerox Corporation, who brought the direct lineage of WuJianquan via Wabu Young to Upstate NY. Today, I want to share the exact, uncut text of her insights, paired with my own reflections on why these concrete mechanics matter for your daily practice.
The Article: "Learning the Internal Dynamics of Tai Chi"
By E. Marie Koepsell (with commentary)
“Although I had studied Tai Chi Ch'uan for a number of years with a few different instructors, I had reached the point where I felt that I could be getting more out of my practice—I did not know what was missing, but I was determined to find out more about the art... The internal physical discipline of T'ai Chi Ch'uan, according to Dr. Stephen Hwa, involves the intensive training of the body and mind to develop discipline in movements so that the movements originate from the abdomen (dantien) and back...”
My Reflection:
Notice how Eva begins by exposing the universal frustration of the intermediate student: knowing something is missing but not having the vocabulary to name it. Dr. Stephen Hwa Ph.D. (Classical Tai Chi Master Hwa), immediately removes the mystery by anchoring the art in structural biology. True internal work isn't a mystical cloud of energy; it is the mental/physical re-education of your musculoskeletal system.
1. The Torso as the Engine, Limbs as Appendages
“As a reference point for correct movement, Dr. Hwa used the example of the movement of children, who use much more of their torso for initiating action... As we start aging, less and less of our movements come from the waist and back. We hold our middle stiffly, and more of our movements originate from the shoulders and the hip joints. This puts pressure on joints and we lose strength and mobility.”
I use his PH.D. title as Eva Koepsell did in her publication. Dr. Hwa proved this to students with a simple test: he would have them raise their arms and push forward. Inevitably, they pushed entirely from the isolated shoulder joint and arm muscles. When Dr. Hwa demonstrated the internal alternative, his shoulders and arms remained completely relaxed, while the massive, deep muscle chains of his back and abdomen drove the force.
Similarly, he taught that a true Tai Chi step does not begin in the leg:
“T'ai Chi steps should involve the muscles of the torso, the large abdominal and pelvic girdle muscles, to lift and push the leg forward and back... The muscles of the torso do the work of lifting, positioning the leg, and planting the foot. The weight shifts after the leading foot is planted solidly on the ground.”
My Reflection:
This is where standard fitness training fails us. As adults, we lock our cores stiffly and overuse our peripheral joints. By treating the limbs as completely passive appendages, the torso is forced to take over the heavy lifting. If you are muscularly gripping your shoulder or throwing your leg forward with your quad, you are bypassing the Dantian entirely.
2. The Mechanics of the Abdominal Counter-Rotation
When it comes to changing direction, Eva captured an incredibly rare, concrete description of Dr. Hwa’s teaching of the art’s physical mechanics:
“Turning movements of the body... are done with the feet stationary and the body swivelling at the waist. It should not be a twisting motion where the hips or legs turn the body, but rather an abdominal movement. When he demonstrates the movement, his lower and upper abdominal muscles appear to rotate in opposite directions, thus indicating all the power that this movement generates at the waist.”
My Reflection:
Read that sentence carefully. This is the absolute antidote to the shallow "wannabe philosophy" often found in online forums. Internal turning is not an abstract concept—it is a literal, visible counter-rotation of the upper and lower abdominal walls. It stretches the internal fascia, opening what Dr. Hwa calls the Yin-Yang junctions of the torso.
He masterfully compared this to a door: the stable structure of the body is the doorframe (Yin), the moving part is the door (Yang), and the internal junctions of the torso serve as the highly pressurized hinges. That intense, structural stretch at the hinge is the physical reality of Chi.
3. The Power of the "Square Form" Template
For those wondering how to actually build this counter-intuitive control, Eva shares Dr. Hwa's foundational training methodology: the strict utilization of the Square Form.
“One cannot really learn T'ai Chi by just imitating the smooth-flowing movements. One has to start with an isolated movement to learn the Yin and Yang of that movement and then thread the movements together... Dr. Hwa learned T'ai Chi as a 'square form' first, breaking down the postures into individual, simple moves, preceding and ending each movement with a full stop.”
While the square form looks discrete, mechanical, and rigid compared to a flowing "round form," its purpose is absolute: it tames the nervous system. By pinpointing the exact, extreme structural boundaries of a posture and coming to a complete stop, it forces the brain to establish clear lines of communication with deep, neglected joints.
4. The Evolution to Mind-Intent (Yi) and the Small Circle
As a practitioner advances over years of dedicated training, the external expressions of the form naturally compress:
“For the advanced T'ai Chi practitioner, the form itself becomes less expansive externally (so-called 'small circle' or 'compact form'), and more angular. As such, yi [intention] takes on increasing importance in playing the form. There is less movement and more yi. Also, to have smaller external movements and yet reach to all angles in the form requires greater internal movement, more stretching at the Yin-Yang junctions, and more internal energy flow.”
Ultimately, this lifelong journey evolves from a highly conscious struggle into a deeply unified, subconscious state. The fragmented mind settles into a singular intent, the movement becomes effortlessly fluid, and the practitioner enters a semi-meditative state anchored by enjoyable, internal feedback loop.
Concluding Thoughts
Eva ends her brilliant article with words that perfectly mirror my own feelings after 24 years within this circle: “My prior T'ai Chi exposure was enveloped in a philosophical and abstract context. But now I see that T'ai Chi can be explained in scientific, concrete terms and it is no longer such a mystery to me.”
We do not need mysticism to explain true power. We need structural alignment, dedicated torso mechanics, and the patience to tame our movements through the square form. I am endlessly grateful to Eva and Dr. Hwa for keeping this scientific, concrete light burning bright for nearly a quarter of a century.
To my blog subscribers: Thank you for being a part of this dedicated space. Please leave your thoughts, training insights, and constructive comments directly below in the comment section so we can keep our high-level dialogue going!
References
Hwa, S. (2010). Uncovering the treasure: Classical Tai Chi's path to internal energy & health. CreateSpace Independent Publishing.
Hwa, S. [Classical Tai Chi]. (2009, August 28). Classical Wu style Tai Chi square and round form[Video]. YouTube. youtube.com
Hwa, S. [Classical Tai Chi]. (2010, October 15). Internal discipline in classical Tai Chi [Video]. YouTube. youtube.com
Koepsell, E. M. (1998, August). Learning the internal dynamics of Tai Chi. Tai Chi Magazine, 22(4).
Koepsell, E. M. (2009, May 24). Learning the internal dynamics of Tai Chi (S. Hwa, Ed.). Cook Ding's Kitchen. archive.org (Original work published August 1998)
