Conforming to Classics

Sweep the Leg 

Questions arose in Classical Tai Chi regarding the statement:  "Everymovement in Tai Chi Form has to have 2 complementary sides of the body, a moving part Yang and a stationary part Yin. When the yin-yang junction is located in the torso of the body, it is an internal move.  When it is outside of the torso, it is an external move." This statement as we have said before was the most important statement made by Wu Chien Chuan to his student Young Wabu. You can find this statement on p. 2 of the book "Uncovering the Treasure" by Stephen Hwa Ph.D. and it is available at Amazon.

The statement was challenged by someone who asked: "Can someone please explain to me how this conforms to the classics of "when moving, there is no place that does not move". "When still, there is no place that is not still".  He continued by saying "The statement about 2 complementary sides, moving Yang and stationary Yin sounds like a broken posture as how a force can pass through the body, if it is not working together as a unit, moving as one".

Master Stephen Hwa wrote the following response to the question, the video above provides an illustration  of his major points about holding the body still while executing a movement that sweeps the leg of the opponent. The video very graphically shows how the movement only works if the nonmoving side of the body is held very still.  Further information about the "Sweeping Movement" is contained in the topic  "The Concept of Yin (nonmoving) and Yang (moving)" on pp. 50 - 51, "Uncovering the Treasure" by Stephen Hwa, Ph.D.

Tai Chi Classics

These Classics started became known in the 1930-40s when book about Tai Chi started to be published in China. These writings reported in those books are a collection of short works attributed to different authors from Chang San-Feng to anonymous authors. Even though their authorship cannot be verified, they are considered to be the holy writ on Tai Chi. They do contain some insights and principles of Tai Chi; but also some glaring mistakes.

How is that possible that both good and bad could be contained in one work. My suspicion is that there is more than one person involved in the writing as we see now. One of my ancestors in the fifteen century wrote a collection of short poems. We have the original hand written manuscript which we published three years ago. During research, we discovered that these poems have been published six times over the years. Many of the published poems are identical to the manuscript; but some have been altered – the later version has more alteration than the earlier version. Apparently, these publishers exercised their poetic license trying to add what they thought a better wording. This kind of alteration is very common in old writings in China and also in the west, such as the bible. The church has devoted inordinate effort to select an acceptable version of the bible.

Two major mistakes in the Classics are: "when one part moves everything moves" and "The jin should be generated from the legs". The later was discussed in Forum 11.

During our last work shop in Buffalo, I warned everyone that you would be challenged by "when one part moves everything moves" when you talk about Classical Tai Chi in public Tai Chi gathering. So you better be prepared. First of all, any martial art move depends upon rooting, there will be a nonmoving part of the body attached to the ground to provide the rooting. Only external martial art which uses push off to generate momentum to attack can qualify "everything moves". In addition, some of these rooted moves, the requirement of nonmoving is very dramatici. During one of the Jou Tsung Hwa Birthday Celebration Gathering ( David Brown was there), I demonstrate this point by asking audience to do a leg sweeping move by standing on one foot and sweep the other leg and move their body with it just slightly. I heard many "ouch" sound from the audience. Then they do the same move while keeping the side of the body above the standing foot still. There was no pain in the knee and delivered a much more powerful sweep. 

I think you all need to keep this demonstration in your pocket. Because, you will need it in the future.

Stephen Hwa, Ph.D.

A “Welcome”

 

One might say this is a legendary piece of lore from the Classical Tai Chi community! 

I am Jim Roach, a teacher of Classical Tai Chi, and I wrote a "Welcome to the Classical Tai Chi Blog" post for this blog in 2008. The contrast between the polite title and the intense demonstration picture perfectly captures the community's blend of internal discipline and lighthearted martial arts camaraderie.

Why the Post is Iconic

• The Setup: I meant the Blog post to ease people into and encourage them to take up Classical Tai Chi. Anyone reading would be encouraged to learn internal discipline. 
• The Reality: The media explaining the martial application shows  the seemingly tgentle, soft-spoken Master Stephen Hwa applying subtle internal power to instantly unbalance and push Sifu Tom Kostusiak straight to the ground.
• The Humor: The absolute mismatch between a warm, cozy "Welcome" header and a video of a martial arts master dropping his student makes it an enduring inside joke among practitioners on forums and the official Classical Tai Chi Facebook Page. 

There is a technique and technicality behind the post. 

It was meant to be humorous, funny on its surface; a video clip actually does show a core tenet of Master Hwa's teachings:

Internal Core Power: The movement originates entirely from the abdominal and back muscles (the core), bypassing obvious shoulder or arm force. 

Small Circle Application:

 Căi Pull, yank, jerk, pluck an opponent off balance 

This Wu-style derivative uses micro-movements to redirect an opponent's momentum before they even realize they are off-balance. 

The "Bounce": Tom's dramatic fall isn't theatrical "compliance"—it is the physical result of mistiming or underestimating Master Hwa's internal alignment, which leaves the defender with nowhere to go but down.

Key Concepts in Classical Tai Chi Methodology

• The Small Circle Wu Style: Classical Tai Chi focuses heavily on the traditional Wu Style, specifically the "Small Circle" form. This variation emphasizes internal discipline, micro-movements, and deep joint protection—especially for the knees. 
• Square vs. Round Forms: I would highlight Master Hwa's teachings here regarding the strict progression from the "Square" form to the "Round" form. Anyone just starting uses the rigid, frame-by-frame Square form to learn precise structural alignment before graduating to the fluid, continuous Round form. 
• Internal Torso Energy: One will not be moving purely with the arms and legs. The classical tai chi method requires all motion through the core and torso. This structural requirement builds significant strength in the spine and lower back.

Xièxiè Hwa Shifu & Shimu

 

My teacher, Master Stephen Hwa, and his wife, Eva Koepsell (Eva M. Hwa), have dedicated decades of admirable work to preserving, deconstructing, and standardizing the internal art of Classical Wu-Style Small Circle Tai Chi. Practitioners widely celebrate Master Hwa for his deep generosity, structured teaching methodology, and exceptional devotion to keeping an ancient lineage alive so it is not lost to time. 

Together, their collective and individual contributions have vastly enhanced the modern practice and accessibility of Classical Tai Chi: 

Systematizing and Demystifying the Art

• Applying Scientific Analysis: Utilizing his professional background with a PhD in Engineering, Master Hwa stripped away the overly mystified, ethereal language often used in martial arts. He replaced it with logical, physiological explanations that non-experts can comprehend.
• The "Square Form" Blueprint: He has actively advanced the Classical Tai Chi Square Form for beginners. This rigid, precise training style breaks movements down step-by-step to prevent shortcuts, acting as a crucial foundation for the fluid "Round Form". The Square Form as a “Blueprint” is a treasure for the ages and helps preserve the integrity of Classical Tai Chi Forms. 
• Deconstructing Internal Discipline: He provided exhaustive instructional materials detailing how true Tai Chi power originates entirely from the body's core (the abdomen and spine), rather than from isolated muscle groups like the shoulders and arms. 

Authoring Core Literature and Curricula

• "Uncovering the Treasure": Master Hwa authored the seminal book, Uncovering the Treasure: Classical Tai Chi's Path to Internal Energy & Health, summarizing 50+ years of personal discovery and Wu-style lineage teachings. 
• Digital Video Instruction: He produced an expansive library of meticulously designed online courses and instructional DVDs on platforms such as CLASSICALTAICHI.COM, PAYHIP.COM, and YouTube, breaking down complex forms for home practitioners.
• Accessible Health Exercises: Recognizing that not everyone can learn 108 complex movements, he created simplified, shorter routines focused specifically on back pain, lower-body stamina, and overall vitality. 

Operational and Community Support

• Behind-the-Scenes Infrastructure: While Master Hwa serves as the Master Instructor, his wife, Eva, has provided decades of vital administrative support, co-ownership, and operational management to keep Classical Tai Chi running smoothly as an organization. 
• Fostering a Global Community: Through their joint endeavors, they established global outreach structures—including traveling to offer free workshops and creating dedicated communication groups—to ensure students worldwide can receive direct guidance and exchange experiences.

Ms. Eva Koepsell is widely recognized as a dedicated practitioner, advocate, and educator for Classical Tai Chi. 

Through her decades of community service, she has been a central pillar in preserving and spreading the knowledge of Classical Small Circle Tai Chi. Her efforts have bridged the technical expertise of Master Hwa with a global community of students through several key avenues: 

Community Contributions

Forum Moderation & Guidance: In the Classical Tai Chi Forum and the Yahoo Email Group, she directed new and long-time practitioners to educational resources and explained fundamental principles. To say “actively engaged” would be an understatement for 師母 (Mandarin: “Shīmǔ Eva Koepsell”), Master Hwa’s wife. 

• Email Group Coordination: Managing and sustaining long-running communication networks, the Classical Tai Chi Yahoo Email Group that connects practitioners worldwide.
• Written Articles & Commentary: Producing insightful written content and educational commentaries that analyze the mechanics, physiological safety, and health benefits of internal martial arts. I will always be grateful for her published article in Tai Chi Magazine, “Learning the Internal Dynamics of Tai Chi.” 

Neuromuscular Re-education

 

Walking is “Premier” 

(”Classical Tai Chi Walking Exercise”, a Master Stephen Hwa video)

In Classical Tai Chi (specifically the Small Frame/Small Circle Wu Style), "Internal Discipline" serves as a bridge to connect with the long-neglected nervous system of the torso. 

Most people operate using a "top-down" approach, relying entirely on the motor cortex to move external extremities, such as the arms and shoulders. Because we rarely isolate or consciously control the deep, intrinsic muscles of our abdomen, back, and spine, the neural pathways to these regions remain largely dormant or "neglected". 

Classical Tai Chi methodology awakens this part of the central nervous system through a highly structured neuromuscular re-education process. 

1. Intense Inward Focus and Neuromuscular Control 

To initiate a true internal movement, a beginner cannot rely on habit. They must focus their mind intensely inward to find and activate hidden muscle groups. For example, instead of pushing a hand forward using the shoulder and arm (an external movement), Classical Tai Chi dictates that the arm and shoulder remain relaxed and completely stationary relative to each other. The entire upper quarter of the body is instead pushed forward by pressing the abdominal muscles back and engaging the deep back muscles. This demanding neuromuscular coordination forces the brain to build entirely new neural pathways to the torso.

2. The Yin-Yang Junction Exercise

According to Stephen Hwa, every true internal movement relies on a physical counterpart of opposite nature: a moving part (Yang) working against a stationary part (Yin) that provides the structural support. 

• The Torso as the Anchor: The biological junction where Yin and Yang meet is always located within the torso (the waist or the upper-quarter body).
• Neural Feedback Loop: By keeping one part of the torso completely still while another micro-moves, the practitioner registers an intense, localized sensation of stretching and energy circulation. This precise mechanical tension sends a clear, powerful stream of sensory feedback up the spinal canal to the brain, mapping out areas of the body that were previously "numb" to our awareness. 

3. Micro-Movements of the Spine and Vertebrae

In many standard Tai Chi practices, the torso moves as one rigid block. Master Hwa's training teaches isolated movements along individual vertebrae, such as "folding" the spine, in which one side of the spine folds inward while the other remains anchored. Operating at this level of physical detail requires and develops an incredibly fine-tuned degree of motor-nerve control over the axial skeleton and paraspinal muscles.

4. Shifting from a "Pushing" to a "Pulling" Walking Model 

The nervous system of the lower torso is heavily impacted by how we walk. Standard walking relies on "pushing" our body mass forward, which often jams the lower joints, tightens the fascia, and irritates nerves (like the sciatic nerve).

• Classical Tai Chi Walk forces the body to stay straight and step out without shifting weight forward yet.
• Once the foot touches the ground, the practitioner uses the deep core and abdominal muscles to pull the pelvis and body weight forward.
• This pulling action decompresses the spine, opens up dense tissue, and relieves chronic nerve compression in the lower back and torso.

5. Transitioning to Subconscious Mastery

It takes time, but "bottom-up" practice becomes habitual. You had to slow down your mental concentration to reach complete reliance on the subconscious. At this stage, the practitioner no longer has to "think" about moving from their core; the nervous system automatically commands the torso to initiate every movement, leaving the mind entirely clear to enjoy the fluid sensation of internal energy.

Slow-Motion Fighting

 

One inch punch was learned slowly, a video

(see 2:20 the punch demo)

Slow learning video for the punch

(see 8:20 to learn)

Why do people poke fun and express derision at the slow movements of Classical Tai Chi?

People often poke fun at or express derision toward the slow movements of Classical Tai Chi because, as assumed with any Tai Chi, they contrast sharply with modern, westernized, and stereotypical views of "effective" exercise or martial arts. The ridicule typically stems from a lack of understanding of its internal principles, its common branding as a gentle "park exercise," and its often-slow, public performances. 

Misunderstood and mocked:

1. Many martial misconceptions

• "Slow-Motion Fighting" Joke: The assumption is that because the training is slow, the fighting is slow. Said to the bully: “We can absolutely go loutside and settle this, but it will have to be in slow motion!"
• Comparison to "Hard" Styles: People often compare Classical Tai Chi to fast, high-impact arts like boxing, MMA, or karate. The lack of punching speed and visible sweating often results in it being dismissed as ineffective for self-defense.
• Viral "Master" Failures: Online videos fuel the perception that the art is a joke because so-called “Masters” get beaten up. 

2. Lack of Visible Effort

• "Just Waving Arms": To an untrained eye, Tai Chi can look like "slow-motion dancing" or simple stretching. The profound effort involved in moving from the waist and managing internal structure is invisible to observers.
• Misunderstood Goal: Observers focus on speed and strength (external) rather than focus, balance, and energy flow (internal), leading to the belief that it is not a "real workout". 

3. The "Park Exercise" Stereotype

• Association with Older People: Well known and widely promoted for seniors' health and fall prevention, it is often dismissed by younger generations as a "lazy" or "old person's" activity rather than a rigorous discipline. 

4. The Reality of the Slow Motion

• Why Slow? Slowness is a training method designed to enhance proprioception, strengthen small stabilizing muscles, and improve focus, allowing practitioners to learn the techniques perfectly before speeding them up.
• "Slow to Go Fast": Practitioners often train in slow motion to build up the ability to react faster than they otherwise could, a concept that is counterintuitive to many people. 

While it is frequently treated as a "gentle, meditative" practice today, Tai Chi was historically developed for combat, and its slow movements are considered a form of intense, internal, and often highly effective martial training. Classical Wu’s Style Tai Chi was developed by Grandmasters of the Wu family who were officers in the Imperial Palace guard.  

If Annoyed you are Forcing it

 

How to do Internal Video

The process of learning and development in  Classical Tai Chi is one of being wrong a lot, with corrections you don't immediately understand. Being annoyed is natural, but it also hinders progress.

That is a spot-on assessment of Stephen Hwa’s approach. In his "Classical Tai Chi" (which emphasizes the internal movements of the Small Circle), the learning curve is notoriously steep because it demands a total rewire of how you move your body.

Here is why that "being wrong" phase is so persistent—and how to handle the frustration:

1. The "Internal" vs. "External" Conflict

Most people start by moving their limbs. In Hwa’s lineage (from Young Wabu), the movement must start from the core (the "Dan Tian" and lower back) and radiate out to the limbs. When you get a correction like "don't move your arm," it feels nonsensical because your arm clearly just moved. What the instructor really means is "don't move your arm using your shoulder muscles; move it because your torso rotated."Understanding that distinction takes time for the nervous system to process.

2. The Micro-Correction Trap

Because Classical Tai Chi focuses on "internal squareness" and precise frame alignment, a correction might be about a half-inch shift in your hip or a slight tuck of the tailbone. When you’re told you’re "wrong" for the tenth time on the same move, it’s because you're likely using compensatory movements—muscles jumping in to help. After all, the core isn't strong or coordinated enough yet. [1]

3. Why Annoyance Hinders You

• Physical Tension: Frustration triggers the "fight or flight" response, which tightens the very muscles (shoulders, neck, thighs) that you are trying to relax (Song). You cannot feel internal mechanics through a wall of tense muscle.
• Mental Narrowing: When annoyed, we tend to focus on the result (getting the move right) rather than the process (feeling the connection).

A Better Mindset

Instead of viewing corrections as "being wrong," see them as "data points for your nervous system."

• Accept the Lag: There is always a delay between hearing a correction and your brain actually being able to "find" the muscle required to fix it.
• The "Slow is Fast" Rule: Stephen Hwa often emphasizes slow, deliberate practice. If you find yourself getting annoyed, it’s usually a sign you are trying to "force" the Tai Chi. Back off the intensity, breathe, and let the correction sit in the back of your mind rather than trying to conquer it instantly.

It’s essentially a process of unlearning old habits, which is always more frustrating than learning new ones.